The Turkic Toba people took advantage of the internal strife afflicting central and southern China to establish their own dynasty, the Northern Wei (386-534), taking Datong as their capital in 398 AD, by which time they had conquered the whole of the north. Though the period was one of strife and warfare, and elsewhere the Wei never fully consolidated their hold on power, the Northern Wei, who became fervent Buddhists, made some notable cultural achievements, the finest of which was a magnificent series of cave temples at Yungang, just west of the city, still one of the most impressive sights in northern China. Over the course of almost a century, more than one thousand grottoes were completed, containing over fifty thousand statues, before the capital was moved south to Luoyang, where construction began on the similar Longmen Caves.

A second period of greatness came with the arrival of the Mongol Liao dynasty , also Buddhists, who made Datong their capital in 907. They were assimilated into the Jin in 1125, but not before leaving a small legacy of statuary and some fine temple architecture, notably in the Huayan and Shanhua temples in town, and a wooden pagoda , the oldest in China, in the nearby town of Yingxian. Datong remained important to later Chinese dynasties for its strategic position just inside the Great Wall, south of Inner Mongolia, and the tall city walls date from the early Ming dynasty. Though most visitors today are attracted by the Buddhist sites, Datong is also the closest city to Heng Shan , one of the five holy mountains of Taoism, whose most spectacular building, the almost unbelievable Hanging Temple , is firmly on the tour agenda.

Datong now produces a third of all China's coal , enough to fuel the two power stations on the city's outskirts, one of which supplies electricity for Beijing, the other for the whole of Shanxi Province. Coal dominates the modern city - it sits in the donkey carts and lorries that judder up and down the main roads, it stains the buildings black and it swirls in the air you breath, making Datong one of the most polluted cities in China. Once you have seen the caves and temples there's no reason to stay around, and a day or two here is enough. The city is well connected by rail, and by travelling on the evening sleeper trains, Datong's major sights can be seen as a day-trip from Beijing (7hr), or as a stop off en route between Beijing and Xi'an.